The speech act of promise can be accompanied by two other speech acts: encouragement and pledge. Since, in this speech act, we have the concept of volunteer promise, and the speaker willingly makes a commitment to his/her addressee, according to George Austin’s typology of speech acts, this speech act is considered to be an instance of commissive speech acts. Moreover, since the main features of performative verbs, i.e. “I, you, here and now”, are present in promises, promise is also regarded as a performative act. In political promises, given the objectives of the discourse as well as the personal traits of the speaker, Grice’s MAXIMS-quality, quantity, relevance and manner-may be violated. In a political promise, there may be as much brevity as there is repetition. Most of political promises serve merely as advertising goals and are not intended to be fulfilled. The maxim of relevance is generally heeded in political promises and the violation of this maxim before elections is fairly rare. Political activists usually make use of efficient and influential manner of speech in their election campaigns.

The courts of equity in England have evolved some principles in Latin which later was translated into English. These were called MAXIMS of Equity. MAXIMS of Equity were developed during the centuries. Courts of Equity were in power to hear and determine disputes in which the Courts of Law could not grant requested relief. These courts were first presided by the King's chancellor who held "the King's Conscience" and heard the complaints for equitable relief. To decide a case, these courts considered a body of law or jurisprudence developed which was later phrased in the form of MAXIMS. During centuries these MAXIMS were evolved and its numbers grow. However, today the main body of MAXIMS consists of 12 main rules. This article tries to introduce and explain these MAXIMS to the readers in order to familiarize them with the main principles Equity has in mind when hearing and deciding a case.

This article aims at investigating the structure and plot of stories in Gulistan of Sa’adi. In addition, the manner in which Sa’adi has made use of structure and form to develop stories is scrutinized. In the first place, the concepts of structure and plot are explained and then the stories are analyzed from two standpoints. First, the plot which consists of introduction, conflict, predicament, climax and conclusion are examined and then the structure and form of stories are analyzed.

In this article the proverbs and MAXIMS that are used in Arabic and Persian language in common are studied. Then we consider the proverb briefly. Also we point out the Quranic proverbs and philosophy that Sadi has used in his works. In this article the poetical proverbs that Motenabbi has used in his work and influenced on Sadi have been stated. Finally we conclude that, because these two poets were living in an Islamic environment and training in Islamic culture, they have used so many proverbs in common.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of Grice's MAXIMS in the essay writing for eight graders. The theoretical framework of this research is Grice’s Cooperative Principle and its MAXIMS including Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner. In this research, Grice's MAXIMS, their applications and the effects are studied on the student's essays. In addition, the frequency order of the MAXIMS is highlighted in the writings of students. This study is conducted through field method.The main question is how much Grice's MAXIMS are used in the writings and how they help creating a text. The researchers have analyzed 121 compositions of the eighth graders and extracted the effective factors on the observation of Quality, Quantity, Relation and Manner MAXIMS and then presented descriptive statistics. The research findings show that Grice's MAXIMS can be used to improve writing skills. Students can keep these MAXIMS in their minds as a framework and use them in their writings. Descriptive statistics of this study indicates that the students of this grade applied the Quantity maxim by 30%, the Quality maxim by 18%, the Relation maxim by 83% and the Manner maxim by 18%. Furthermore, we can see that the MAXIMS overlap each other. Applying and not applying one maxim affects other MAXIMS. The frequency order of these MAXIMS in the writings of students, from most to least, is as follows: Relation maxim, Quantity maxim, Quality maxim and Manner maxim.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the employment competencies of educational graduates from the perspective of view of employers. This research was applied in terms of purpose and was among the qualitative researches of Grounded Theory type. The participants of this research included 24 employers in the field of educational (interviewers for the Education recruitment exam, directors of non-state educational institutes, directors and recruitment officers of non-state schools, directors of kindergartens and preschools) in Birjand city. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and analyzed by Strauss and Corbin method and using MAXQDA-2020 software. In order to validate the research, two methods of member control and peer review or feedback were used. Consecutive review and comparison of data resulted in the extraction of 28 categories and 6 themes. Data analysis led to the formation of a sub-theory. The model shows that the focal variable is the process of education and teaching skills. The focal variable, under the influence of contextual and intermediate conditions, leads to the formation of the strategies of "being a lifelong learner", "research skills", "planning skills", "classroom skills and classroom management", "purposefulness" and "problem solving skills". became Finally, "increasing employability" was the consequence of this process.

Considering the fact that the words in the intra-religious attitude are considered in two ways, the first is towards jurisprudential words and the second is a rational and conceptual view focusing on their meanings. we have tried to deal with one of the most important issues of intra-religious attitude with a rational approach by descriptive and analytical method, which is the category of "hermeneutic interpretation" of words, especially the most influential idea of interpretation & that is the view of the "spirit of meaning" of Ghazali. After Ghazali, Ibn Arabi used this theory of Ghazali regarding the development of meaning in creating his new idea, and by re-reading Ghazali's idea with a mystical approach, he presented his own theory regarding the expansion of meaning. While accepting the argument of the focal point of the theory of the spirit of meaning, he removes it from the exclusivity to the "linear", and for this purpose, he brought up arguments as well as the Conditions of Hermeneutic Interpretation in this regard. Ibn Arabi's arguments on transversal interpretation include new formulations in the argument, which after him, this theory was favored and accepted by Mulla Sadra, and then it was accepted by his students.